Will Hunstein Require a Reset?

 

By Caren D. Enloe

Last month, the entire ARM industry was caught by surprise when the Eleventh Circuit held that a debt collector’s transmittal of information to a third-party letter vendor violated Section 1692c(b) of the FDCPA.  Hunstein v. Preferred Collection and Management Services, Inc., 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 11648, 994 F.3d 1341 (11^th Cir. 2021).  While the case will continue to be contested in the Eleventh Circuit, collection agencies and others who rely upon third party vendors have been left to contemplate what comes next.  This article will examine the decision, its immediate impacts, and considerations for the industry as it moves toward implementation of the debt collection rule.

A Quick Summary

In Hunstein, the debt collector engaged a third-party vendor to prepare and send its demand letter.  In doing so, the debt collector electronically transmitted certain information to its letter vendor, including: (1) the consumer’s name and address; (2) the balance owed; (3) the name of the creditor; “(4) that the debt concerned his son’s medical treatment;” and (5) his son’s name.  Id., 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 11648 at *4.  The consumer sued the debt collector, alleging that the transmittal of that information was a communication in connection with the collection of a debt and violated 15 U.S.C. §1692c(b).  The District Court dismissed the complaint concluding that the transmittal of information did not qualify as a communication ‘in connection with the collection of a[ny] debt.” Id., at *3-4.  On appeal, the Eleventh Circuit reversed and held: (a) that that the plaintiff had standing to sue because the transmittal of the information was an invasion of privacy; and (b) that the transmittal of such information to a letter vendor stated a claim for a violation of Section 1692c(b). In doing so, the Court recognized the impact of its decision, stating

It's not lost on us that our interpretation of § 1692c(b) runs the risk of upsetting the status quo in the debt-collection industry. We presume that, in the ordinary course of business, debt collectors share information about consumers not only with dunning vendors like Compumail, but also with other third-party entities. Our reading of § 1692c(b) may well require debt collectors (at least in the short term) to in-source many of the services that they had previously outsourced, potentially at great cost. We recognize, as well, that those costs may not purchase much in the way of "real" consumer privacy, as we doubt that the Compumails of the world routinely read, care about, or abuse the information that debt collectors transmit to them.

 

 

What are the Immediate Impacts of the Decision?

 

It’s important to note a couple of things regarding Hunstein and its immediate impact.  First and foremost, it’s not over.  While the decision has precedential value in the Eleventh Circuit, the battle rages on.  The debt collector is petitioning for an en banc review which, if granted, will give the industry an opportunity to change the Court’s mind.  Moreover, the collection agency has the support of the industry and several trade associations and other interested parties intend to file amicus briefs in support of the collection agency’s position.  While that petition is pending (it’s due to be filed in late May), lower courts in the Eleventh Circuit will likely encounter copycat suits and will have the choice to follow Hunstein or to stay the case pending the outcome of Hunstein. 

 

Secondly, while the opinion may be binding in the Eleventh Circuit, that’s not the case in other circuits.  In other jurisdictions, the case would only constitute “persuasive” authority, meaning courts may consider it but are not bound by it. Debt collectors need to expect copycat cases to continue popping up in other jurisdictions as the consumer bar tries to leverage this legal theory and the ARM industry pushes back seeking a different result in other jurisdictions.

 

Finally, it’s important to keep in mind that the Court’s ruling simply means that the complaint’s allegations were enough to state a claim.  It does not mean that the consumer is entitled to a judgment for damages or will ultimately prevail.

 

 

What Does this Mean Regarding Collection Agencies’ Current Use of Third Party Vendors?

 

For now, Hunstein calls into question the sharing of certain consumer specific communications with third-party vendors.  But are all third-party vendors created equal for purposes of Hunstein?  The answer is likely no. Compliance teams therefore will need to assess their third-party vendor relationships and assess each one under the microscope of Hunstein.  In doing so, it’s important to remember that the Court in Hunstein was concerned that the information transmitted to the letter vendor rose to the level of being a communication “in connection with the collection of a debt.”  That information included not only the consumer’s name and address but also the amount of the debt, the name of the creditor and the nature of the debt. 

 

Moving forward, compliance teams will need to review and assess the specific information shared with each of their third party vendors and ascertain whether it rises to the same level as Hunstein such that it would be considered a communication in connection with the collection of a debt.  Communications with, for instance, a third-party company scrubbing for location information may not require the sharing of the same level of information as that provided to a letter vendor and therefore may carry a lesser risk.  Similarly, working with a letter vendor to set up a form letter does not require the conveyance of any information specific to a consumer and likely would not meet the same scrutiny.  For now, compliance departments will have to assess the risk associated with each of its third-party vendors by reviewing the information shared with each and ascertain whether it rises to the level of a communication. Depending upon their level of risk tolerance and the amount of information conveyed, debt collectors may consider bringing some backroom services back inhouse for the time being.

 

How Does Hunstein Align With or Impact the Debt Collection Rule?

 

Interestingly, the CFPB’s views do not appear to align with those of the Eleventh Circuit.  The CFPB has always understood and contemplated the use of third-party vendors.  As early as 2012, the CFPB recognized that the use of service providers “is often an appropriate business decision.”  CFPB Bulletin 2012-03; see also CFPB Bulletin 2016-02.  The CFPB went as far as to say that “[s]upervised…nonbanks may outsource certain functions to service providers due to resource constraints… or relay on expertise from service providers that would not otherwise be available without significant investment.”  Id.  Consistent with this, the CFPB set forth guidelines for vendor risk management to protect consumers from harm and ensure vendors are complying with federal consumer financial law.  In setting out these guidelines, the CFPB, however, was quick to point out that “the mere fact that a supervised… [entity] enters into a business relationship with a service provider does not absolve the supervised…[entity] of responsibility for complying with Federal consumer financial law to avoid consumer harm.”  Id. at p. 3. 

 

All of this aligns with the CFPB’s views of third-party vendors in the context of the Debt Collection Rule (the “Rule”).  The CFPB expressly contemplated and seemingly endorsed the use of third-party vendors in the final version of the Rule. 

 

The Rule in fact discusses and contemplates the use of data vendors for skip tracing, as well as for letters.  With respect to letter vendors, the CFPB is aware of the prevalence of the practice.  Its Operations Study undertaken during the formulation of the Rule noted that 85% of debt collectors surveyed used letter vendors.  In its in its Section by Section Analysis of the debt validation provisions, the CFPB contemplated this practice continuing when it stated that the costs associated with reformatting validation notices and understanding the requirements could reasonably be borne by debt collectors and their vendors.  Carrying this further, the Rule expressly allows debt collectors to include a vendor’s mailing address if that is an address at which the debt collector accepts disputed and requests for original-creditor information. See Section 1006.34(c)(2)(i) and Comment 34(c)(2)(i)-2. 

 

How Hunstein will impact the Debt Collection Rule remains to be seen.  When it published the Rule, the CFPB clearly did not see the use of letter vendors as violating Section 1692c and it will be interesting to see (although unlikely) if they submit an amicus brief taking a position either way.  While the CFPB has already proposed pushing back the Rule’s effective date until January 2022, there is nothing thus far that would indicate they will push it back further.

 

Conclusion

 

Hunstein has opened Pandora’s box and the industry’s use of third-party vendors will now have be defended through the courts.  In the interim, compliance departments should be discussing their tolerance for risk and reviewing their use of other third- party vendors and the amount of information shared to ascertain whether they run similar risks.

Finding Shelter in the Storm: Using the Bona Fide Error Defense with the Final Debt Collection Rule

 By Caren D. Enloe

The FDCPA provides a bona fide error defense for debt collectors who can show by a preponderance of the evidence that their violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error.  15 U.S.C. §1692k(c).  Historically, debt collectors have been judicious in its use.  While it is a powerful tool, it shines a bright light on a debt collector’s policies and procedures and therefore, the stakes are high.  If a debt collector’s policies are adjudicated to be lacking, it can expose the debt collector to liability not only in the present action, but potentially to a swarm of further litigation. On the other hand, if the debt collector can safely navigate the defense with robust policies and procedures, it may fend off the present action, as well as future litigation. 

With the enactment of the Debt Collection Rule, debt collectors now have a map as to certain best practices which can help them better inform their policies and procedures. Assuming they mold their actions to comply with the same, the Rule may now provide a more effective shield in actions under the FDCPA.  Scattered throughout the Rule like little nuggets of gold, the CFPB has provided safe harbors which, when coupled with the bona fide error defense, should allow savvy debt collectors to better take advantage of the bona fide error defense. This article examines these nuggets which, if incorporated into a debt collector’s policies and procedures, may provide an effective bona fide error defense.

Limited Content Messages.  “Limited Content Messages” are a new concept introduced by the Rule in its definitional section (1006.1) and are intended to provide a safe way for debt collectors to leave non-substantive messages for a consumer requesting a return call while not inadvertently disclosing the debt to third parties.  The Rule and its Comments make clear that Limited Content Messages are not communications regarding a debt.  To qualify as a Limited Content Message, the message must be left by voice mail and only contain the specified limited content set forth explicitly in Section 1006.1(j). A Limited Content Message can only include: (a) a business name for the debt collector that does not indicate that the debt collector is in the debt collection business; (b) a request that the consumer reply to the message; (c) the name or names of one or more natural persons whom the consumer can contact; (d) a telephone number or numbers the consumer can use to reply to the debt collector; and (e) certain very limited and specified optional content.  Communications are distinguished as they convey information regarding a debt.

While not a per se safe harbor, the Rule’s Official Comments contain sample scripts which, if used, would comply with the Rule.  Using those scripts, therefore, may provide an implied safe harbor. Debt collectors should consider incorporating these scripts into their best practices to help mitigate risk with respect to 15 U.S.C. §§1692c and 1692e(11).    See, e.g., Comment 2(j)(1)-1; Comment 2(j)(2)-2.

Electronic Communications. As a general notion, the Rule provides a general road map for compliance with the FDCPA with respect to electronic communications in Section 1006.6.  Specifically, the Rule sets forth specific procedures which, if followed (including provisions for consumer opt outs), provide the debt collector with a safe harbor with respect to electronic communications and unintentional third party electronic communications. 

The Rule allows for the use of email and text message communications and sets forth procedures which provide the debt collector with a safe harbor if followed.  Specifically, Section 1006(d)(4) allows for email communications to the consumer: first, by allowing the use of an email address the consumer has either used to communicate with the debt collector (and has not subsequently opted out) or the consumer has provided prior express consent to use and second, by allowing an email address used previously by the creditor or a prior debt collector subject to certain limitations and conditions.  Section 1006(d)(5) allows for text messaging subject to similar conditions.  Additionally, the Official Comments contain sample language for opt out notices where, if used, are likely to provide an implied safe harbor.  See, e.g., Comment 6(d)(4)(ii)(C)-2)(i) – (ii); Comment 6(e)-1(i)-(ii). Debt collectors contemplating the use of electronic communications should incorporate these into their policies and procedures to mitigate risk.

Unintentional Third Party Communications. On a related note, what happens when the communication is received by an impermissible third party? Section 1006.6(d)(3) provides a bona fide error defense in those instances where the debt collector can satisfy two conditions.  First, there must be procedures in place to reasonably confirm and document that the communications complied with 1006.6(d)(4) or (5) (see above discussion).  Secondly, the debt collector’s procedures must include steps to reasonably confirm and document that the debt collector did not communicate with the consumer at an email address or telephone number that the debt collectors knows has led to an impermissible third party communication. Moreover, Section 1006.22(g) provides a safe harbor under 15 U.S.C. §1692f for emails and text messages which are sent in accordance  with 1006.6(d)(3) that reveal the debt collector’s name or other information indicating the communication relates to the collection of a debt.

Time and Place. With the advent of new technologies, preventing communications at a time and place which is known or should be known to be inconvenient has become challenging for debt collectors.  The Rule attempts to address these challenges in Section 1006.6 and its Official Comments.  Section 1006.6 provides that an inconvenient time for communication with the consumer is before 8:00 AM and 9:00 PM local time at the consumer’s location.  The Official Comments then provides a safe harbor and guidance as to how to handle conflicting or ambiguous information regarding a consumer’s location.  In those instances and in the absence of knowledge to the contrary, Comment 6(b)(1)-2 provides that the debtor collector complies with the Rule (specifically, 1006.6(b)(1)(i)) if the debt collector communicates or attempts to communicate with the consumer at a time that would be convenient in all of the locations at which the debt collector’s information indicates the consumer might be located. 

Call Frequency. Section 1692d(5) of the FDCPA prohibits a debt collector from causing a telephone to ring and from engaging a person in telephone conversations repeatedly or continuously with the intent to annoy, abuse, or harass. Section 1006.14 establishes a bright line by placing numeric limitations on the placing of telephone calls.  In doing so, the Rule creates presumptions of compliance and violation. While not a safe harbor per se, Section 1006.14 creates a presumption of compliance with 15 U.S.C. §1692d(5) where the debt collector complies with the call limitations set forth in §1006.14(b)(2).  Of course, this will require documentation of policies and procedures which set forth frequencies consistent with the Rule’s requirements.

Debt Validation Notice. Section 1692g of the FDCPA requires debt collectors provide consumers with a validation notice which includes the name of the creditor, the amount of the debt and the disclosure of certain statutorily prescribed consumer protection rights. Section 1006.34 of the Rule reinvents the Debt Validation Notice by requiring significantly more robust disclosures. These disclosures fall roughly into three categories: (a) information to help consumers identify the debt; (b) information about consumer protections; and (c) information to help consumers exercise their rights, including a tear off dispute form with prescribed prompts.

The Rule provides safe harbors for compliance with the information and form requirements set forth in Section 1006.34(c) and (d)(1) for debt collectors who use the model validation notice, specified variations of the same, or a substantially similar notice.  Additionally, debt collectors using the model validation notice are provided with a safe harbor as to 15 USC §1692g(b)’s overshadowing prohibition.  See 1006.38(b).  Further, assuming the debt collector does not receive a notice of undeliverability, Comment 42(a)(1)-3 makes clear that a debt collector has sent the required disclosures for purposes of the Rule if the debt collector mails a printed copy of any required disclosures to a consumer’s last known address unless the debt collector, at the time of mailing, knows or should know that the consumer does not currently reside at, or receive mail at, that location.

Credit Reporting.  While Section 1692d(3) of the FDCPA allows for credit reporting, the Rule now limits the circumstances and timing for credit reporting and prohibits the practice of passive debt collection through credit reporting. Section 1006.30(a) prohibits debt collectors from furnishing information to a consumer reporting agency about a debt before the debt collector either speaks to the consumer about the debt in person or by telephone or sends its validation notice and then waits for a reasonable period of time to receive a notice of undeliverability.  Comment 30(a)(1)-2 provides a safe harbor for debt collectors as to what constitutes a “reasonable period of time.”  Specifically, Comment 30(a)(1)-2 provides a safe harbor by construing a “reasonable period of time” to mean a period of 14 consecutive days after the date that the debt collector places a letter in the mail or sends an electronic message.

While the CFPB intends to push back the effective date of the Rule sixty (60) days, compliance teams should be reviewing the Rule and Comments to assess what changes will need to be made to the agency’s practice and procedures.  As part of this process, debt collectors should be considering incorporating the safe harbors, implied and express, set forth within the Rule to allow for future mitigation of risk.

CFPB Proposes Delaying Effective Date of the Debt Collection Rule

By Caren D. Enloe

On April 6th, the CFPB announced its proposal to postpone the effective date of the Debt Collection Rule.  Originally scheduled to take effect November 30, 2021, the CFPB now proposes that the Rule become effective on January 29, 2022.  According to the CFPB, the "proposed delay would allow stakeholders affected by the pandemic additional time to review and implement the rules."   A thirty day comment period will open once the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (the "NPRM") is published in the Federal Register.  A couple of quick takeaways:

• While the CFPB notes that debt collectors can choose to implement the Rule prior to the effective date, as of now, the safe harbors and presumptions will not be in effect until the effective date; 

• No other proposed changes to the Debt Collection Rule are suggested in the NPRM; however, that does not mean proposed substantive changes won't be forthcoming after confirmation is completed as to the new Director of the CFPB; and 

• Debt Collectors should keep an eye on this development but continue forward with their assessment of their policy, procedures and practices to ensure timely compliance with the Rule whenever the effective date.

Adjusting Policies and Procedures for the Dead Consumer

 

By Caren D. Enloe

 

Section 1692a(3) defines a consumer as any natural person obligated or allegedly obligated to pay a consumer debt.   The final debt collection rule interprets the definition of a consumer to include deceased natural consumers, as well. Looking towards a November 30^th effective date, here are some key items that may require adjustments to your policies and procedures.

Initial Skip Traces. Because the Rule now addresses communications regarding dead consumers, it’s important to review skip trace policies and ensure policies are in place which will provide the debt collector with ample information as to the deceased consumer’s estate. Collection agencies will therefore want to examine their skip trace policies and procedures to ascertain whether they adequately identify estates and the representatives of those estates wherever possible.  According to the CFPB,  acceptable means for identifying estates would include a search of public records and use of location information communications.

 

Location Information.  The Rule will allow debt collectors to seek location information concerning persons authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate. While neither the FDCPA nor the Rule allow for the debt collector to disclose the debt, the Rule’s Official Commentary provides directed guidance on the what content is acceptable in location information communications.  Specific to deceased consumers, the Comments  indicate a debt collector may state: “that the debt collector is seeking to identify and locate the person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate” or “that the debt collector is seeking to identify and locate the person handling the financial affairs of the deceased consumer.”  See Comment 10(b)(2)-1. Collection agencies should consider  incorporating this language into their skip tracing and location inquiries.  While not a per se safe harbor, adherence to the language of the comments provides some persuasive authority for compliance.

 

Debt Validation Notice.  For purposes of debt validation, the Rule  makes clear that if the debt collector knows or should know that the consumer is deceased, and if the debt collector has not previously provided the validation notice to the deceased consumer, the debt collector must provide the debt validation notice to a person authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate. Under the CFPB’s interpretation this would include executors, administrators and personal representatives.

 

The “should know” standard should give debt collectors pause to consider what tools they have at their disposal that would or should allow them to know a consumer is deceased.  Debt collectors should be establishing policies and procedures which address when and to whom a debt validation notice should be sent when the consumer is deceased, as well as processes for identifying estates and the appropriate representative of the estate. 

 

Debt collectors should be mindful of the specificity required when sending validation notices to the representative of a deceased consumer.  Comment 34(a)(1)-1 requires that the debt collector identify by name the person who is authorized to act on behalf of the deceased person.  It is not enough to simply address the debt validation to the “Estate of John Smith.”  Instead, the debt collector will need to identify the specific person authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate and, where the validation notice has not previously been provided, provide it addressed to the appropriate representative.

 

Permissive Parties for Communication. For all other communications and consistent with this expansive interpretation of who is a consumer, the Rules likewise include as permissive third parties for communication the deceased consumer’s spouse, parent (if the consumer is a minor), legal guardian, executor or administrator, and confirmed successor in interest (as defined Regulation X).  Moreover, the Comments clarify that the terms “executor” and “administrator” include less formal personal representatives.  See Comment 6(a)(4)-1. “Persons with such authority may include personal representatives under the informal probate and summary administration procedures…, persons who sign declarations or affidavits to effectuate the transfer of estate assets, and persons who dispose of the deceased consumer’s financial assets or other assets of monetary value extrajudicially.”  Collection agencies should be mindful of this clarification and should begin reviewing their policies, procedures and scripts to evaluate whether they are sufficiently robust to adequately identify such parties.

 

Because the Rule takes a more expansive view of who is a consumer, collection agencies should begin reviewing their policies, procedures, scripts and letter contents to ensure they are properly communicating with the appropriate representatives of estates. Skip tracing and location contacts should be updated to identify deceased consumers and those authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate.  Debt validation notices should be similarly updated to send debt validation notices to the appropriate named representative of the estate.  And finally, policies and procedures should be updated to identify the appropriate third parties for further communications concerning the debt when the consumer is deceased.

 

The CFPB Publishes the Remainder of its Final Debt Collection Rule – Here’s What You Need to Know

 By Caren D. Enloe

On December 18, 2020, the CFPB published the remainder of its Final Debt Collection Rule (the “Rule”) highlighting its crown jewel -  the provisions centering around debt validation notices.  While the bulk of Part 2 addresses the parties’ obligations under Section 1692g of the FDCPA, the remainder of Part 2 ties up other loose ends, including time-barred debt, credit reporting, and communications where the consumer is deceased. The entire Rule (both Parts 1 and 2) takes effect November 30, 2021.

Aside from Debt Validation, What’s Included in Part 2 of the Rule?

            Deceased Consumers

The FDCPA defines a consumer as any natural person obligated or allegedly obligated to pay a consumer debt.  Section 1006.2(c) of the Rule interprets 1692a(3) to include deceased natural persons.  This definition dovetails with 1006.6 (Communications in Connection with Debt Collection) to allow debt collectors to communicate with the deceased consumer’s spouse, parent (if the consumer is a minor), legal guardian, executor or administrator, and confirmed successor in interest (as defined Regulation X).  Additionally, Section 1006.34 makes provision for sending debt validation notices when the consumer is deceased.

Collection of Time-Barred Debt

Perhaps the biggest surprise in Part 2 of the Rule is the CFPB’s seeming abandonment of time-barred debt and revival disclosures.  Debt collectors, however, should not assume that those disclosures will not be forthcoming at a later date.  Instead, the CFPB notes that it determines only that the specific disclosure requirements proposed “may not sufficiently accommodate the concerns raised by different stakeholders.” 

Section 1006.26 of the Rule prohibits legal actions or threats of legal actions against a consumer to collect time-barred debts.  The Rule defines “time-barred debt” to mean a debt for which the statute of limitations has expired. “Statute of limitations,” in turn, is defined as the period prescribed by applicable law for bringing a legal action against a consumer to collect a debt. Notably, Section 1006.26 differs from the proposed version of the Rule in that it implements a strict liability standard rather than the proposed “know or has reason to know”  which was originally proposed.  As finalized the Rule additionally makes clear that the filing of a proof of claim is not a legal action subject to this provision.

Credit Reporting Restrictions

The CFPB published the majority of Rule’s catch-all section, §1006.30, in Part 1 of the Rule.  The CFPB, however, held back the provisions regarding passive debt collection through credit reporting until Part 2.  While Section 1692d(3) of the FDCPA allows for credit reporting, the Section 1006.30(a) of the Rule now limits the circumstances and timing for credit reporting and prohibits the practice of passive debt collection through credit reporting.

Section 1006.30(a) prohibits debt collectors from furnishing information to a consumer reporting agency about a debt before the debt collector either speaks to the consumer about the debt in person or by telephone or sends its validation notice and then waits for a reasonable period of time to receive a notice of undeliverability. Comment 30(a)(1)-2 provides a presumption that a reasonable period of time is 14 consecutive days after the date that the communication is sent. As an exception to the Rule, 1006.30(a) additionally allows for debt collector’s immediate furnishing to a specialty consumer reporting agency that compiles and maintains a consumer’s check writing history.

Debt Validation Notices Under the Final Rule

The crown jewel of Part 2 of the Rule is Section 1006.34 which takes on section 1692g(a) of the FDCPA.  Section 1006.34 provides new delivery requirements and concepts while expanding the information required in the debt collector’s validation notice.  

    Delivery Methods

Consistent with the Rule’s stated goal to allow for technological advances, Section 1006.34 allows for the notice to be provided in writing and orally, as well as electronically.  

    Deceased Consumers           

Section 1006.34 additionally recognizes the consumer to include deceased consumers. Comment 1006.34(a)(1)-1 makes clear that if the debt collector knows or should know that the consumer is deceased, and if the debt collector has not previously provided the validation notice to the deceased consumer, the debt collector must provide the debt validation notice to a person authorized to act on behalf of the deceased consumer’s estate.

The Itemization Date

The Rule introduces a new concept that is not present in the FDCPA – the “itemization date.”  The Rule now requires the debt collector identify an “itemization date” and provide an itemization of the debt from that date forward.  Section 1006.34(b) of the Rule allows debt collectors to choose one of five specified reference dates as their “itemization date:” 

• the last statement date, which is the date of the last periodic statement or written account statement or invoice provided to the consumer by the creditor;
• the charge-off date, which is the date the creditor charged off the account;'
• the last  payment date, which is the date the last payment was applied to the debt;  
• the transaction date, which is the date of the transaction that gave rise to the debt; or 
• the judgment date, which is the date of a final court judgment that determines the amount of the debt owed by the consumer.

 The Rule’s Official Comments provide a couple of key clarifications as to the itemization date. For debt collectors choosing to use the last payment date, the Comments clarify that the last payment includes a third party payment applied to the debt.  This means that last payment date includes the date when sales proceeds were applied or when insurance reimbursements were applied to the debt. For debt collectors choosing to use the last statement date, the Comments clarify that it is the date of the last statement provided by the creditor and may include those provided by a third party acting on the creditor’s behalf, such as a servicer.  Finally, for those debt collectors relying upon a transaction date, if a debt has more than one transaction date, the debt collector may use any such date as the transaction date so long as they use it consistently. Finally, while the Rule requires the debt collector to choose an itemization date and disclose it, the Rule does not require the debt collector to disclose the itemization date category upon which it relies.

Content of the Validation Notice

Section 1006.34 expands upon the requirements of the FDCPA and requires a debt collector provide additional information about the debt in its validation notice.  Under the Rule, the validation notice requires debt collectors provide: (a) information to help consumers identify the debt; (b) information about consumer protections; and (c) information to help consumers exercise their rights.  The Rule additionally allows for and identifies certain optional disclosures.

        Information to Help Consumers Identify the Debt

While the FDCPA only requires the debt collector provide the amount of the debt and the name of the creditor to whom the debt is owed, the Rule is far more expansive.  Section 1006.34(c) of the Rule requires the validation notice include: 

• the debt collector’s name and the mailing address at which it accepts disputes and requests for original creditor information;
• the consumer's name and mailing address; 
• the identity of the “itemization date” creditor for debt related to consumer financial products or services;
• the identity of the current creditor; 
• the account number or a truncated version of the same;
• the "itemization date;"
• the amount of the debt on the itemization date;
• an itemization of the debt since the itemization date; and
• the current amount of the debt.

Residential mortgage debt subject to the mortgage servicing rules and their periodic statement requirements may be excepted from certain itemization requirements if the debt collector furnishes a copy of the most recent periodic statement provided to the consumer with the validation notice.  Section 1006.34(d) of the Rule provides the option, but does not require, a debt collector to provide its telephone contact information, a reference code the debt collector uses to identify the debt or the consumer, and the merchant brand, affinity brand or facility name for the debt.

          Information About Consumer Protections

In addition to advising the consumer of his or her rights pursuant to section 1692g(a) of the FDCPA, Section 1006.34(c) now requires the debt collector provide the end date for the validation period.  To allow for delivery of the validation notice, Section 1006.34(b)(5) of the Rule provides that a debt collector may assume that a consumer receives the validation information on any date that is at least five business days (excluding certain public holidays identified in 5 U.S.C. §6103(a), Saturdays and Sunday) after the debt collector provides the notice. Debt collectors should therefore provide at least  40 calendar days in calculating their end date of the validation period in order to account for the five business date rule.

In addition to the traditional disclosures required by the FDCPA, the Rule requires: inclusion of the Mini-Mirada disclosure, and if the debt is related to a consumer financial product or service, a statement that additional information regarding consumer protections for debt collection is available on the CFPB’s website and provide the website link.  Finally, if the validation notice is being sent electronically, a statement explaining the consumer can dispute the debt or request original creditor information electronically.

Information to Help Consumers Exercise Their Rights

To help consumers exercise their rights under 1692g(a), Section 1006.34(c) requires debt collectors provide the consumer with a response section that includes dispute prompts under the headings “How do you want to respond?” and “Check all that apply.” The dispute response must include the following prescribed dispute statements and list them in the following order:

• "I want to dispute the debt because I think:”;
•  “This is not my debt.”; 
•  “The amount is wrong.”; and 
•  “Other (please describe on reverse or attach additional information.)”

The Rule additionally requires the following additional prompt: “I want you to send me the name and address of the original creditor.” 

This tear off section must additionally include the debtor’s name and address, as well as the debt collector’s name and the address at which it receives debt validation requests.  The Rule also allows as optional certain payment disclosures but makes clear that any payment disclosures must appear below the mandated prompts.

State Law and Other Applicable Law Disclosures

Section 1006.34(d) recognizes and allows for state mandated disclosures among the “optional” disclosures. The Rule allows for these to be placed on the reverse side of the validation notice.  For such disclosures, however, the debt collector must place a statement on the front of the validation notice referring to those disclosures.  Importantly, the Rule specifies that such disclosures on the reverse side of the notice must appear above the tear off section. 

The Rule also recognizes that certain jurisdiction require or provide a safe-harbor as long as a disclosure is provided.  For those disclosures, the Rule requires that they be disclosed on the front of the validation notice.

Other Optional Disclosures

Section 1006.34(d) allows for certain other optional disclosures.  In addition to those already noted, The Rule allows for disclosures regarding a consumer’s ability to request a Spanish-language translation of a validation notice.  Likewise, a debt collector may send its validation notice completely and accurately translated in another language so long as certain additional conditions are met. 

In addition, the Rule allows a debt collector to disclose its website and email address.  Finally, if the validation notice is not provided electronically, the Rule allows a debt collector to provide a statement explaining how a consumer can dispute the debt or request original-creditor information electronically.

Safe Harbor Provisions.

The Rule includes a model form and a safe harbor for those that use the model form. Deviations are allowed, provided that the content, format, and placement of information are substantially similar to the model form. Debt collectors should not that deviations may at least in part negate the safe harbor protections.

What’s Next?

Collection agencies should begin preparing for the November 30, 2021 effective date.  Among other things:

• All compliance teams should begin a thorough review of the Rule and Comments to assess what changes will need to be made to the agency’s practice and procedures;
• All policies and procedures should be similarly updated and training programs should be undertaken with staff to ensure their understanding of the Rule;
• All scripts should be reviewed and adjusted to comply with the Rule;
• All letters should be reviewed and adjusted to comply with the Rule and the agencies should begin coordinating with their letter vendors to ensure a smooth transition on November 30, 2021;
• Agencies should begin reviewing and assessing their ability and desire to use electronic communications, keeping in mind other statutory requirements that may also be in play, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, as well as their clients’ use of electronic communication consents;
• Agencies should begin discussing and coordinating with their first party clients the itemization date and what additional information will need to be provided to the agency at placement to ensure compliance with Section 1006.34’s new validation requirements;
• Agencies should begin reviewing and assessing applicable state disclosure requirements to ascertain their impact on the agency’s ability to use the Safe Harbor Validation Notice and what adjustments, if any, will need to be made to address the same; and
• Agencies should begin assessing and adjusting their credit reporting practices to ensure compliance with new requirements.

Caren Enloe is a partner with Smith Debnam in Raleigh, NC and leads the firm’s Consumer Financial Services Litigation and Compliance Group.  Caren additionally serves as the Chair of the American Bar Association’s Debt Collection and Bankruptcy Subcommittee.  Active in a number of trade groups, Caren serves as the Member Attorney Program State Chair for ACA International and as a member of the National Creditors Bar Association’s Defense Bar.      

 

The Final Debt Collection Rule is Here and Focuses on Communication Methods – Here’s What You Need to Know

 

On October 30, 2020, the CFPB published its long awaited Final Debt Collection Rule (the “Rule”) which is intended to interpret the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (the “FDCPA”) and clarify how new communication technologies can be used in compliance with the FDCPA.  As an unexpected twist, the CFPB has delayed publishing its final rules as to validation notices and time barred debt disclosures and has indicated that those provisions will be published in December. 

What’s Not Included in the Rule?

            The Rule leaves for another day the final versions of Sections 1006.26 (Collection of Time Barred Debt), 1006.34 (Notice of Validation of Debts) and the Safe Harbor Model Forms.  The proposed rule and supplemental proposed rule included new provisions as to time barred debt and validation notices.  These provisions are still under consideration by the CFPB and are anticipated to be published in December.  The final provisions are widely expected to include mandatory disclosures in addition to those already required by 15 U.S.C. §1692g(a).  Those additional mandatory disclosures are likely to include:

·         Disclosures as to time barred debt or debt that can be revived by payment; and

·         Additional validation information, including a tabular itemization of the amount of the debt from its itemization date and a response section which allows the consumer to dispute the debt by simply checking a prescribed number of boxes as to the basis of the dispute.

When Does the Rule Go Into Effect?

            The Rule will take effect  one year from its publication in the Federal Register.  As of the date this article was written, it has not yet been published.  It is therefore unlikely it will take effect until December 2021 or early 2022.

Who’s Covered?

            While the proposed rule provided some concern as to whether it would cover first party creditors, the final version of the Rule expressly states it applies only to “debt collectors” as that term is defined in the FDCPA.  First party creditors, however, need to be mindful of the CFPB’s warning that the Rule is not intended to address whether activities performed by entities not subject to the FDCPA would violate other statutes, including the unfair, deceptive or abusive act provisions found in the Dodd-Frank Act.  

What’s Included in the Rule?

            The bulk of the Rule addresses communications between the consumer and the debt collector.  The Rule expands significantly on the provisions of the FDCPA while attempting to clarify how debt collectors can use new communication technologies which were not in place when the FDCPA was enacted including email, voice mail and text messages.  Focusing on those communication technologies, the Rule establishes rules for engaging in communications with consumers and identifies certain policies and procedures that if implemented, would create safe harbors from FDCPA violations for debt collectors.  Of particular note, the Rule contains a robust Official Commentary which includes sample language for such things as opt out notices.  While the Rule will not take effect until some time towards the end of 2021 or early 2022, compliance departments should begin aligning their policies, procedures, letters and scripts with the Rule now in anticipation of its effective date.

            Attempts to Communicate vs. Communications

            Generally speaking, the Rule attempts to distinguish between attempts to communicate and actual communication. “Attempts to communicate” are any acts to initiate a communication about a debt and include leaving “limited contact messages.” 

            “Limited Content Messages” are a new concept introduced by the Rule in its definitional section (1006.1) and are intended to provide a safe way for debt collectors to leave non-substantive messages for a consumer requesting a return call while not inadvertently disclosing the debt to third parties.  The Rule and its Comments make clear that Limited Content Messages are not communications regarding a debt.  To qualify as a Limited Content Message, the message must be left by voice mail and only contain the specified limited content set forth explicitly in Section 1006.1(j). Those familiar with the proposed rule should note that while the proposed rule allowed for limited content messages via text message and orally, the final version of the Rule does not.  Similarly, while the proposed rule included the identification of the consumer as an allowed component of the Limited Content Message, the Rule as finalized does not.  Instead, a Limited Content Message can only include: (a) a business name for the debt collector that does not indicate that the debt collector is in the debt collection business; (b) a request that the consumer reply to the message; (c) the name or names of one or more natural persons whom the consumer can contact; (d) a telephone number or numbers the consumer can use to reply to the debt collector; and (e) certain very limited and specified optional content.  Communications are distinguished as they convey information regarding a debt.

Time and Place

          With the advent of new technologies, preventing communications at a time and place which is known or should be known to be inconvenient has become challenging for debt collectors.  The Rule attempts to address these challenges in Section 1006.6 and its Official Comments.  Section 1006.6 provides that an inconvenient time for communication with the consumer is before 8:00 AM and 9:00 PM local time at the consumer’s location.  The Official Comments further clarify that if the debt collector has ambiguous information as to the consumer’s location, then in the absence of information to the contrary, the debt collector may assume a time that is convenient in all time zones at which the debt collector’s information indicates the consumer may be located.  The Official Comments additionally attempt to provide debt collectors with guidance in circumstances in which the debt collector needs additional clarity or information from the consumer by allowing the debt collector to ask follow-up questions regarding a convenient time and place.  Additionally, the Rule makes clear that no particular words are necessary for a consumer to indicate a time and place are inconvenient.

          Use of Electronic Communications and a Safe Harbor

          The Rule allows for the use of email and text message communications and sets forth procedures which provide the debt collector with a safe harbor if followed.  Specifically, Section 1006(d)(4) allows for email communications to the consumer: first, by allowing the use of an email address the consumer has either used to communicate with the debt collector (and has not subsequently opted out) or the consumer has provided prior express consent to use and second, by allowing an email address used previously by the creditor or a prior debt collector subject to certain limitations and conditions.  Section 1006(d)(5) allows for text messaging subject to similar conditions.  Section 1006.6 further requires debt collectors allow consumers to opt out of electronic communications and further requires debt collectors provide a clear and conspicuous statement describing a “reasonable and simple method” for opting out.  The CFPB has indicated that it is currently finalizing provisions that will require debt collectors to provide consumers with, among other things, a reasonable and simple method to opt out of electronic communications and to control the time, place and medium for communications.  Presumably, these provisions will be included in the December supplement to the Rule.

            Frequency and a Safe Harbor

          Section 1692d(5) of the FDCPA prohibits a debt collector from causing a telephone to ring and from engaging a person in telephone conversations repeatedly or continuously with the intent to annoy, abuse, or harass.  As compared to the proposed rule, the final rule is more restrictive.  Section 1006.14 establishes a bright line by placing numeric limitations on the placing of telephone calls.  In its final version, the Rule creates presumptions of compliance and violation.  Generally, and subject to certain very limited exceptions, a debt collector is presumed to have violated the provision if: (a) it places telephone calls to a particular person in connection with a particular debt more than seven times within seven consecutive days; or (b) after having had a telephone conversation with a particular person regarding a particular debt, makes a call within seven days of that conversation.  The converse is also true.  The debt collector is presumed to have complied if it stays within the call frequency limitations.

            It should be noted that the exceptions presented in the final version of the Rule are more limited than those that were originally proposed. In particular, the Rule clarifies that any prior consent provided by a consumer for follow up communications expires within seven days of being provided.

            Unfair or Unconscionable Means

          Section 1006.22 interprets and implements Section 1692f of the FDCPA which contains a non-exhaustive list of unfair or unconscionable means to collect a debt.  Section 1006.22 adds new prohibitions on communications using certain media.  Section 1006.22(f)(3) prohibits communicating or attempting to communicate with a consumer using an email address that the debt collector knows is provided to the consumer by his employer unless the consumer provided the email address to the debt collector or a prior debt collector and the consumer has not subsequently opted out.

What’s Next?

            As with any rulemaking, it’s not over until the fat lady sings.  Depending upon the final outcome of the 2020 election, Congress may consider legislative proposals to walk back certain provisions of the Rule and potentially, overturn the Rule using the Congressional Review Act if the Democrats seize control of both the House and the Senate.  It remains to be seen how the continued effects of the pandemic will impact any legislative effort to circumvent the Rule.

            Additionally, there is more to come from the CFPB.  In December, the CFPB plans to release the remainder of the Rule, this time focusing on disclosures.  Additionally, the CFPB is looking at additional interventions, including the debt collector’s obligations to substantiate debts.  In any event, compliance departments should begin carefully reviewing the Rule and its Official Comments and aligning their policies, procedures, media content and scripts to conform with the Rule and take advantage of the safe harbors contained within the Rule.